{"id":6805,"date":"2020-09-11T18:12:58","date_gmt":"2020-09-11T15:12:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6805"},"modified":"2020-10-21T22:16:23","modified_gmt":"2020-10-21T19:16:23","slug":"testosteron-ve-steroid-molekuller","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6805","title":{"rendered":"Testosteron ve Steroid Molek\u00fcller"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Testosteron<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Testosteron<\/strong> bir cinsiyet hormonudur. Temelde erkeklik \u00f6zelliklerini bireyde karakterize eden hormon budur ve androjen hormonlar\u0131n biridir. Erkeklik \u00f6zelliklerini geli\u015ftiren hormonlara androjen hormonlar denir. Ba\u015fta <strong>testosteron<\/strong> olmak \u00fczere cinsiyet hormonlar\u0131n\u0131n hepsi(yani androjen hormonlar ve \u00f6strojen hormonlar) her iki cinsiyette de bulunmaktad\u0131r. Burada cinsiyeti ve ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zellikleri belirleyen bu hormonlar\u0131n deri\u015fimidir. Erkek bireylerde androjen hormonlar daha y\u00fcksek deri\u015fimlerde bulunur. \u00d6strojen hormonlar kad\u0131n bireylerde y\u00fcksek deri\u015fimlerde bulunur ve cinsiyet \u00f6zellikleri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok \u00f6zelli\u011fin geli\u015fimini sa\u011flar. Deri\u015fimin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bu hormonlar\u0131n zamanla de\u011fi\u015fimi de belirleyicidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"video-shortcode\"><iframe title=\"Testosterone | Reproductive system physiology | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/k4e70nG3T8U?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Testosteron molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn biyo sentezi pek \u00e7ok ad\u0131mda ve enzimler vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f bile\u015fi\u011fi kolesterold\u00fcr. Kolesterol molek\u00fcl\u00fc enzimlerin aktif olarak yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok ad\u0131mdan sonra testosteron molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn de aralar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu pek \u00e7ok molek\u00fcllere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"931\" height=\"611\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testosteron_biyosentez.png\" alt=\"Testosteron molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn biyo sentezi\" class=\"wp-image-6834\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testosteron_biyosentez-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testosteron_biyosentez-500x328.png 500w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testosteron_biyosentez-550x361.png 550w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testosteron_biyosentez-700x459.png 700w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testosteron_biyosentez-768x504.png 768w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testosteron_biyosentez.png 931w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 931px) 100vw, 931px\" \/><figcaption>Testosteron molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn biyo sentezi. DOI:&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/jsc.0b013e31819df2e6\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31819df2e6<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Testosteron deri\u015fimi erkek bireylerde geli\u015fim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndan itibaren artmaya ba\u015flar. <\/strong>Sonras\u0131nda ise her zaman \u00f6strojen hormonlar\u0131n\u0131n deri\u015fiminden daha fazla olacakt\u0131r. \u0130leri ya\u015flar i\u00e7in ve k\u00f6t\u00fc beslenme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip erkek bireyler i\u00e7in durum biraz farkl\u0131 olabilir. Bu bireyler i\u00e7in androjen hormonlar\u0131n \u00f6strojen hormonlara \u00e7evrimi s\u00f6z konusudur. Androjen hormonlarda meydana gelen bu de\u011fi\u015fim enzimatik yollarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Enzimlerin bunu nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6392\">Enzimler ve Genel \u00d6zellikleri<\/a> adl\u0131 yaz\u0131y\u0131 okuyabilirsiniz. Bu i\u015flemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren enzimin ad\u0131 <strong>aromataz<\/strong> enzimidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"451\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo_donusum-1024x451.png\" alt=\"testosteron molek\u00fcl\u00fcnden biyo sentez ile sentezlenen molek\u00fcller\" class=\"wp-image-6835\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo_donusum-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo_donusum-500x220.png 500w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo_donusum-550x242.png 550w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo_donusum-700x308.png 700w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo_donusum-768x338.png 768w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo_donusum-1024x451.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo_donusum.png 1096w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Testosteron molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fka molek\u00fcllere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc. DOI:&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/jsc.0b013e31819df2e6\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31819df2e6<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Testosteronun kolestrolden sentezin de, sonras\u0131nda testosterondan sentezlenen bile\u015fiklerde de steroid \u00e7ekirdek korunmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u011fl\u0131 olan gruplar ve ba\u011f say\u0131lar\u0131 enzimlerin rollerine g\u00f6re belirli ad\u0131mlarda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Testosteron Eksikli\u011finin Tedavisi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4Yl6psALzJw\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Testosteronun<\/strong> tek ba\u015f\u0131na veya bir progestin ile kombinasyon halinde eksojen uygulanmas\u0131, esas olarak <strong>hipofizden<\/strong> gonadotropinlerin bask\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve testis i\u00e7i androjen seviyelerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi yoluyla s\u0131\u00e7anlarda, maymunlarda ve insanlarda spermatogenezin bask\u0131lanmas\u0131na neden olur. Leydig h\u00fccrelerinde, Sertoli h\u00fccrelerinde veya germ h\u00fccrelerinde bulunan progesteron resept\u00f6rleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla testis \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan bir etkiye sahip olabilir. Hormon tedavisinden sonra testislerdeki histolojik de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, s\u0131\u00e7anlarda ve maymunlarda kay\u0131pla sonu\u00e7lanan h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f evre ve germ h\u00fccresine \u00f6zg\u00fc apoptoz ile i\u015faretlenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Testosteron hormonunun aromataz enzimi ile \u00f6strodiole d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn haricinde ba\u015fka bir androjen olan dihidrotestosterona da d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00f6z konusudur<\/strong>. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm de enzim arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Testosteron molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6strodiole d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc katalizleyen enzim 5-alfa red\u00fcktaz enzimidir. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6439\">Biyokimyasal Kataliz\u00f6rler, Enzimlerle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmak<\/a> adl\u0131 yaz\u0131da enzimlerin biyo kimyasal kataliz\u00f6rler olarak nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kinetik hesaplamalar anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Testosteron erkek bireylerde testisler de ve az miktarda adrenal bezlerde salg\u0131lan\u0131r. <\/strong>Hipotalamus, beyinde bu hormonun salg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eden beyindeki b\u00f6lgedir. Kandaki deri\u015fim ise hipofiz bezinden kontrol edilir ve kandaki miktara g\u00f6re <strong>aromataz<\/strong> ve <strong>5-alfa red\u00fcktaz<\/strong> enzimleri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere testosteronun ba\u015fka molek\u00fcllere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayan baz\u0131 enzimler de bu sisteme dahil olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00fcvenli, etkili ve tersine \u00e7evrilebilir erkek do\u011fum kontrol y\u00f6ntemlerinin geli\u015ftirilmesine y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nemli \u00e7abalar g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda hormonal kontrasepsiyon halihaz\u0131rda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli klinik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda incelenmektedir. Yak\u0131n zamanda yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, hem tek ba\u015f\u0131na testosteron esteri hem de ba\u015fka ila\u00e7larla birlikte testosteron esteri tedavilerinin \u00c7inli erkeklerde spermatogenez bask\u0131lamas\u0131na neden oldu\u011funu bulunmu\u015ftur. Eksojen hormon tedavisinin testis fonksiyonu \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 etkilerinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ilerleme olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, altta yatan molek\u00fcler mekanizma veya mekanizmalar hala yeterince anla\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(Kaynak:  Wang, C.; Cui, Y. G.; Wang, X. H.; Jia, Y.; Sinha Hikim, A. P.; Lue, Y. H.; Tong, J. S.; Qian, L. X.; Sha, J. H.; Zhou, Z. M.; Hull, L.; Leung, A.; Swerdloff, R. S. Transient testicular hyperthermia enhanced spermatogenesis suppression by testosterone in men. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 2007, 92, 3202\u20133204.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Steroid Molek\u00fcller ve Testosteron Hakk\u0131nda Yanl\u0131\u015f Bilinenler<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Steroidler<\/strong> denildi\u011finde akla ilk gelen v\u00fccut geli\u015ftirme sporcular\u0131n\u0131n kullanmakta oldu\u011fu ila\u00e7lar gelmektedir. Bu ila\u00e7lar ger\u00e7ekten steroid yap\u0131dad\u0131r ancak steroid son derece geni\u015f bir <strong>lipid<\/strong> ailesidir. Lipidler uzun karbon zincirleri i\u00e7eren yap\u0131lard\u0131r ve steroidler de bu s\u0131n\u0131fa dahildir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da stroid \u00e7ekirdek dedi\u011fimiz yap\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6rseli bulunmaktad\u0131r. On yedi karbonlu bu yap\u0131 steroidlerin \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r ve  di\u011fer molek\u00fcller bu yap\u0131ya farkl\u0131 karbonlardan ba\u011flanarak ilgili molek\u00fclleri olu\u015fturur.  Steroidlerin hepsi sura son derece az \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/steroid_core.png\" alt=\"Testosteron bir steroiddir ve steroid \u00e7ekirde\u011fe sahiptir.\" class=\"wp-image-6813\" width=\"482\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/steroid_core-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/steroid_core.png 310w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 482px) 100vw, 482px\" \/><figcaption>Temel Steroid Yap\u0131s\u0131(<strong>Bu \u015fekilde bulunan bir molek\u00fcl yoktu, yukar\u0131daki g\u00f6rsel sadece steroidlerin \u00e7ekirdek yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131 ile olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur<\/strong>) . Temel yap\u0131ya eklenen gruplar steroid yap\u0131da molek\u00fclleri olu\u015fturur. \u015eekildeki soru i\u015faretlerinin bulundu\u011fu karbonlar molek\u00fcl\u00fcn \u00fc\u00e7 boturlu yap\u0131s\u0131nda farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlenmeler oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir ve konumuzla ilgisi yoktur.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Steroid denildi\u011finde ilk akla gelen v\u00fccut geli\u015ftirme sporcular\u0131n\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00f6rece sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa zararl\u0131 ila\u00e7lard\u0131r. V\u00fccut geli\u015ftirme sporcular\u0131n\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ila\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun steroid yap\u0131da oldu\u011fu do\u011frudur. Ancak bunlar belirli hastal\u0131klar i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bireylerin bu ila\u00e7lar\u0131 kullanmas\u0131 her ne neden ile olursa olsun doktorlar taraf\u0131ndan tavsiye edilmemektedir. <strong>Testosteron<\/strong> bu ila\u00e7lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kas geli\u015fimi ve anabolik s\u00fcre\u00e7ler bu hormon sayesinde h\u0131zlanmaktad\u0131r. Molek\u00fcl yap\u0131s\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi olan <strong>testosteron<\/strong> ester halinde verilerek kana kontroll\u00fc sal\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. <strong>Ester uzunlu\u011fu<\/strong> ve t\u00fcr\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek kandaki deri\u015fim zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kontrol alt\u0131nda tutulur. Zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kontrol alt\u0131nda tutulmak istemesinin nedeni <strong>testosteron<\/strong> hormonun her zaman birli bir seviyede tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak hemen t\u00fckenmesini engellemektir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ester halinde verilmez ise olduk\u00e7a h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde t\u00fcketilmektedir. Yani eksinin tedavi edici \u015fekilde uzun s\u00fcrmesi i\u00e7in esterleri \u015feklinde kana verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo-1.png\" alt=\"Testosteron Molek\u00fcl\u00fc\" class=\"wp-image-6815\" width=\"480\" height=\"306\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo-1-300x191.png 300w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo-1.png 364w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption>Testosteron Molek\u00fcl\u00fc<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Steroidler ve \u0130la\u00e7 Olarak Kullan\u0131mlar\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Steroid s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndaki ila\u00e7lar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 anabolik \u00f6zellikleri ile ilgili olup, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen hastal\u0131klar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkisini engellemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu ila\u00e7lardan biri de <strong>Covid-19 tedavisi<\/strong>nde kullan\u0131lan kortizondur. Koronavir\u00fcs meydana getirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu a\u011f\u0131r h\u00fccre y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tersine \u00e7evirmek i\u00e7in bu ila\u00e7 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6628\">Favicovir Kullananlar i\u00e7in Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u0130nceleme<\/a> adl\u0131 yaz\u0131da bu konuya ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131yla de\u011finilmi\u015f ve favicovir ile birlikte steroid kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l etkili oldu\u011fu anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Steroid \u00e7ekirde\u011fe sahip molek\u00fcllerin ila\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131 sadece anabolik etkileri ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/strong> Do\u011fum kontrol ila\u00e7lar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131 steroid molek\u00fcller i\u00e7ermektedir. Steroid \u00e7ekirde\u011fe sahip ila\u00e7lar\u0131n en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlar 1970&#8217;li ve 1980&#8217;li y\u0131llar olarak g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r. Testosteron ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere steroid molek\u00fcllerin biyosinyalle\u015fme mekanizmas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc etkisi y\u00fcksek miktarda kas kayb\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 zay\u0131f bireylerde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve etkili sonu\u00e7lar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bir ilac\u0131n \u00fcretiminin resmi olarak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve piyasada kalmas\u0131 baz\u0131 kriterlere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kriterlere sahip olamayan baz\u0131 steroid ila\u00e7lar on y\u0131l gibi ila\u00e7 end\u00fcstrisi i\u00e7in k\u0131sa say\u0131labilecek bir s\u00fcrede piyasadan \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ve \u00fcretimleri durdurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Steroid molek\u00fcller<\/strong> i\u00e7eren ila\u00e7lar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcksek anabolik etkiye sahiptir. Belirli hastal\u0131klar \u00fczerinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc etkileri de vard\u0131r. Ancak baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n karaci\u011ferde y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 son derece zordur ve bu karaci\u011fer enzimlerinin miktar\u0131nda olumsuz etkiler olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Karaci\u011fer enzimlerini ba\u015ftan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren steroid molek\u00fcller bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu da hem k\u0131sa hem de uzun vadede karaci\u011fer yetmezli\u011fi gibi ciddi sorunlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu ila\u00e7lar, etkileri ne kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olursa olsun belirli kriterleri sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in piyasadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Testosteron bunlardan biri de\u011fildir. Y\u00fcksek dozlarda al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece karaci\u011fer gibi organlarda hasara neden olmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0130la\u00e7 Olarak Nas\u0131l Kullan\u0131l\u0131r? <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Testosteron molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn ester hali, yani ila\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131lan hali ise a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir. Bu yap\u0131 da esterle\u015fme  <strong>on yedinci karbona<\/strong> ba\u011fl\u0131 hidroksil grubundan olmaktad\u0131r. Yedi karbonlu bir ester olan bu yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel ismi  <strong>enanthate<\/strong> olarak isimlendirilir. \u0130nsandaki yar\u0131lanma \u00f6mr\u00fc ise 7-8 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu enjjekte edilen toplam molek\u00fcl\u00fcn bir hafta i\u00e7erisinde yar\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Ester uzunlu\u011funun insan \u00fczerindeki etkisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan  bir fark\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Sadece yar\u0131lanma \u00f6mr\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Uzun esterlerin etkisinin daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen ve bunu ilac\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen ila\u00e7 firmalar\u0131 olsa da bu konuda bilimsel bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma litarat\u00fcrde yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo_enantat.png\" alt=\"Testosteron Esteri\" class=\"wp-image-6816\" width=\"666\" height=\"314\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo_enantat-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo_enantat-500x235.png 500w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo_enantat-550x259.png 550w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/testo_enantat.png 652w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 666px) 100vw, 666px\" \/><figcaption>Testoosteon enanthate molek\u00fcl\u00fc<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Tek Ba\u015f\u0131na Enjekte Edilebilir Testosteron Undekanoat ile Tedavi Edilen Erkeklerde veya Potansiyel Erkek Kontraseptif Olarak Oral Levonorgestrel ile Kombinasyonda Tedavi Edilen Erkeklerde Testis Biyopsilerinin Proteomik Analizi&#8221; adl\u0131 bir <strong>American Chemical Society<\/strong> makalesinde testosteron \u00fcretimi ve d\u0131\u015fardan testosteron al\u0131m\u0131 konusunda olduk\u00e7a ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 analizler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Makaleye ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/pr800259t\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/pr800259t<\/a> linkini kullanabilirsiniz. Bu ila\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131lan androjen esterlerinin etkisini anlatmaktad\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bireylerin bu hormonu d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gereksiz takviye etmesi hormonun \u00fcretildi\u011fi yerin, yani testislerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesine neden olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Testosteron Androjen Resept\u00f6r\u00fcne Ba\u011flan\u0131r<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"video-shortcode\"><iframe title=\"Testosteron Molek\u00fcl\u00fc ve Serum Albumin Kompleksi\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bpDvElWNMYk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>Testosteron serum albumine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kanda ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve ilgili yerlere iletilir. (PDB: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/structure\/6MDQ\">6MDQ<\/a> <strong>DOI:&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.2210\/pdb6MDQ\/pdb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.2210\/pdb6MDQ\/pdb<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kanda bulunan testosteron biyosinyalle\u015fme mekanizmalar\u0131nda yer al\u0131r ve androjen res\u00f6pt\u00f6r\u00fcne ba\u011flan\u0131r. Biyosinyalle\u015fme mekanizmalar\u0131nda resept\u00f6rler son derece se\u00e7icidir. Bu se\u00e7icilik fakt\u00f6r\u00fc enzimlerde de g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Hem resept\u00f6rler i\u00e7in hem de enzimler i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli ama\u00e7larda ila\u00e7 gelirtirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bu prensip \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu konuda daha \u00e7ok bilgi i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6409\">Molek\u00fcler Docking ve \u0130la\u00e7 Tasar\u0131m\u0131nda Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6856\">Yana\u015ft\u0131rma Nedir? Molek\u00fcler Docking Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r?<\/a> yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 okuyabilirsiniz. Bunun anlam\u0131 normal konsantrasyonlarda androjen resept\u00f6rlerine sadece androjen hormonlar\u0131n ba\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Yani steroid yap\u0131da da olsa ba\u015fka bir molek\u00fcl androjen resept\u00f6r yap\u0131s\u0131na normal konsantrasyonlarda ba\u011flanamaz. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6strodiol molek\u00fcl\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu olek\u00fclde g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funuz gibi steroid yap\u0131dad\u0131r. Yani her steroid s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndaki her ila\u00e7 farkl\u0131 i\u015fleve sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/ostrojen-1.png\" alt=\"\u00d6strodiol molek\u00fcl\u00fc\" class=\"wp-image-6817\" width=\"592\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/ostrojen-1-300x193.png 300w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/ostrojen-1.png 367w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 592px) 100vw, 592px\" \/><figcaption>\u00d6strodiol Molek\u00fcl\u00fc<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yukar\u0131da g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funuz molek\u00fcl \u00f6strojen resept\u00f6rlerine ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r ve kad\u0131ns\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerin geli\u015fiminden ba\u015fl\u0131ca sorumlu olan hormonlardan birdir. \u00d6strodiol ve di\u011fer \u00f6strojen hormonlar\u0131 meme kanseri \u00fczerinde de etkilidir. Kanserin do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi \u00f6strojen hormonlar\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00e7e\u015fit yak\u0131t olarak kullanmaktad\u0131r. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6566\">Tamoksifen Sitrat<\/a> etken maddesi ise b\u00f6yle bir durumda res\u00f6pt\u00fcr\u00fc t\u0131kayarak bu molek\u00fcl\u00fcn resept\u00f6re ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemektedir. Bu da resept\u00f6rlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fck seviyesinden istifade edilerek ila\u00e7lar\u0131n nas\u0131l geli\u015ftirildi\u011fine dair iyi bir \u00f6rnekktir. Bunun haricinde protein-protein etkile\u015fimi ile resept\u00f6re ba\u011flanarak i\u015flevini yerine getiren pek \u00e7ok mekanizma vard\u0131r. Bu konuda daha fazla bilgi almak i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6937\">hGH, yani \u0130nsan B\u00fcy\u00fcme Hormonu Nedir?<\/a> adl\u0131 yaz\u0131y\u0131 okuya bilirsiniz. <strong>Covid-19 ila\u00e7 tedavisinde a\u011f\u0131r vakalarda steroid molek\u00fcllerin yan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan<\/strong> ila\u00e7lardan biri olan <strong>favipiravir<\/strong> hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=7124\">Favipiravir Nedir? Favipiravir Yan Etkileri Nelerdir?<\/a> adl\u0131 yaz\u0131y\u0131 okuyabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ayn\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fin bir benzeri prostat kanseri i\u00e7in verilebilir ancak bu sefer resept\u00f6re ba\u011flanma de\u011fil <strong>testosteron<\/strong> molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn dihidrotestosterona d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayan enzim olan 5-alfa red\u00fcktaz enziminin inhibe edilmesi s\u00f6z konusudur. Prostat dokusu dihidrotestosterona son derece duyarl\u0131d\u0131r ve bu sefer kanser dihidrotestosteron ile b\u00fcy\u00fcmektedir. Dihidrotestosteronun etkisinin yok edilmesi kanserin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini durdurabilir. Bunun i\u00e7in de dihidrotestosteron olu\u015fumunu sa\u011flayan 5-alfa red\u00fcktaz enzimi engellenir. Enzim inhbisiyonu yani engellenmesi i\u00e7in daha \u00e7ok bilgiye <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6446\">Enzim \u0130nhibit\u00f6r\u00fc ve \u0130nhibisyon \u00c7e\u015fitleri<\/a> yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Testosteron Testosteron bir cinsiyet hormonudur. Temelde erkeklik \u00f6zelliklerini bireyde karakterize  [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6852,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"single-hero-cover.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[122],"tags":[110,111,95,152,125,143,106,9,10,153,150],"class_list":["post-6805","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-molekul","tag-biyokimya","tag-enzim-inhibitoru","tag-enzimlerin-turleri","tag-hormon","tag-ilac","tag-ilac-gelistirme","tag-ilac-kesfi","tag-ilac-tasarimi","tag-kanser-ilaclari","tag-ostrojen","tag-testosteron"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6805","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6805"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6805\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6852"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6805"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6805"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6805"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}