{"id":6899,"date":"2020-09-24T21:18:45","date_gmt":"2020-09-24T18:18:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6899"},"modified":"2022-08-07T09:48:53","modified_gmt":"2022-08-07T06:48:53","slug":"risin-proteini","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6899","title":{"rendered":"Risin Proteini"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>R\u0130sin<\/strong>, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fumuzun Breaking Bad ile tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131, protein yap\u0131da olan son derece zehirli bir maddedir. Protein yap\u0131da olu\u015fu onun sentetik olarak elde edilmesini, yani laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda sentezlenmesini son derece zor k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda sentezlenmesi zor olan baz\u0131 maddeler gibi risin de bitkilerden \u00f6z\u00fctlenerek elde edilme yoluna gidilir. Sanayide veya insan ya\u015fam\u0131nda kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 olmasa bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan bu madde genellikle &nbsp;<strong>Ricinus communis<\/strong> adl\u0131 bitkinin tohumlar\u0131ndan elde edilmektedir. Safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hali ile \u00e7ok az miktarlarda bile yeti\u015fkin bir insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olabilir. <strong>Hint ya\u011f\u0131 bitkisi<\/strong> bu maddenin ana safla\u015ft\u0131rma kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"video-shortcode\"><iframe title=\"Walter White and Jesse Pinkman Discuss Killing Gus Fring with Ricin | Problem Dog | Breaking Bad\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/u8qcylZxeUo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<script async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\n<!-- Yatay_G\u00f6rnt\u00fcl\u00fc -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7050495227290123\" data-ad-slot=\"6780495801\" data-ad-format=\"auto\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Risin \u00f6zellikle Breaking Bad dizisi ile fenomen olan bir maddedir. Yukar\u0131da bu diziden risin ile ilgili bir diyalog g\u00f6receksiniz. Bu diyalogda bahsedilen ve etkisi olduk\u00e7a do\u011fru aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten de grip belirtilerine \u00e7ok benzeyen(tam olarak de\u011fil ancak \u00e7ok benzer) belirtiler bu madde ile zehirlenildi\u011finde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan semptomlar ars\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu semptomlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r metal zehirlenmelerine de benzemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Risin bir lektindir. Yani karbonhidrad ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan komplike bir protein yap\u0131d\u0131r. Risin proteini, protein yap\u0131larda bulunan \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir konformasyona sahipdir. Bu risin proteini \u00f6zg\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131 ile her zaman belirli hedeflere etki eder demektir. Protein yap\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi almak i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6392\">Enzimler ve Genel \u00d6zellikleri<\/a> yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 okuyabilirsiniz. Enzimler de protein yap\u0131dad\u0131r ve bu, risin proteininin metabolizmada nas\u0131l aktif oldu\u011funun anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir bilgi niteli\u011findedir. Sonras\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6446\">Enzim \u0130nhibit\u00f6r\u00fc ve \u0130nhibisyon \u00c7e\u015fitleri<\/a> adl\u0131 yaz\u0131da protein yap\u0131n\u0131n etkinli\u011fi \u00fczerine ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 incelemelerin nas\u0131l yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve enzim kineti\u011fi \u00fczerine \u00f6rnekler bulabilirsiniz. Bir enzimin aktivitesi nas\u0131l hesaplan\u0131r \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=95\">Glutatyon Red\u00fcktaz Enzim Aktivitesi<\/a> adl\u0131 yaz\u0131y\u0131 okuyabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Yap\u0131sal De\u011ferlendirme<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Risin proteini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi komplike bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. Ricin, tip 2 ribozom inaktive edici protein (RIP) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir s\u0131n\u0131frad\u0131r. <strong>Birinci tip<\/strong> inaktive edici proteinler, tepkimeleri h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131(tepkime h\u0131zland\u0131rma terimi aktifle\u015fme enerjisini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha fazla bilgi i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6439\">Biyokimyasal Kataliz\u00f6rler, Enzimlerle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmak<\/a> adl\u0131 yaz\u0131y\u0131 okuyabilirsiniz) etkiye sahip aktivitede iken tek zincirli protein yap\u0131dan olu\u015furken, holotoksinler ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lan <strong>ikinci tip<\/strong> inaktive edici proteinlerdir. Karma\u015f\u0131k bir dimer yap\u0131s\u0131 ile birden \u00e7ok zincirden olu\u015furlar. <strong>\u0130kinci tip<\/strong> inaktive edici proteinler, aktifite olarak olarak <strong>birinci tip<\/strong> inaktive edici proteine e\u015fde\u011ferdir. Ancak tekpime h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olarak inaktif olan bir ikinci zincirine tek bir dis\u00fclfid ba\u011f\u0131yla kovalent olarak ba\u011flanmakta ve protein kompleksinin h\u00fccre y\u00fczeyinden ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na arac\u0131l\u0131k etmeye yarayan bir A zincirinden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"video-shortcode\"><iframe title=\"Risin Proteini i\u00e7in 2.5 Angstrom \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fckte  Kristalografi Verisinin 3D G\u00f6rselle\u015ftirilmesi\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2KQBAg7Q8Jk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>Risin Proteini i\u00e7in 2.5 Angstrom \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Kristalografi Verisinin 3D G\u00f6rselle\u015ftirilmesi.<br>PDB: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/structure\/2AAI\">2AAI<\/a> <br><strong>DOI:&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.2210\/pdb2AAI\/pdb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.2210\/pdb2AAI\/pdb<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><mark>Yukar\u0131da g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funuz yap\u0131 sabit bir yap\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. <\/mark>A<mark>ncak bu h\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir sim\u00fclasyon oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu \u015fekilde durgun g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir.<\/mark> H\u00fccre i\u00e7erisinde her ne olursa olsun bir devinim s\u00f6z k\u00f6nusudur. <mark>Bu durumu en iyi \u015fekilde anlamak i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6696\">Molek\u00fcler Dinamik Sim\u00fclasyonlar\u0131<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6874\">Lennard Jones Potansiyeli ve Molek\u00fcler Dinamik Sim\u00fclasyonlar\u0131nda Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/a> adl\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131 okuyabilrisiniz.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0130naktive Edici Protein Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hem tip 1 hem de tip 2 inaktive edici proteinler, in vitro olarak ribozomlara kar\u015f\u0131 fonksiyonel olarak etkindir;<strong> ancak sadece tip 2 inaktive edici proteinler, B zincirinin lektin benzeri \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle sitotoksisite g\u00f6sterir.<\/strong> Ribozomu inaktive edici i\u015flevini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in risin dis\u00fclf\u00fcr ba\u011f\u0131 indirgeyici olarak b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelidir.Risinin A ve B zincirlerini bir dis\u00fclfid k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerinden ba\u011flayan sistein kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n alkilasyonu, HeLa h\u00fccrelerine hala ba\u011flanan ve in vitro ribozoma y\u00f6nelik translasyona kar\u015f\u0131 toksik olan, ancak k\u00fclt\u00fcrdeki h\u00fccrelere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok az sitotoksisiteye sahip olan veya hi\u00e7 olmayan bir molek\u00fcl \u00fcretir. Difteri toksini ile ilgili bu ve benzer g\u00f6zlemler, bu toksinlerin toksik alt birimlerinin Sitoplazmaya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda alt birimler aras\u0131 dis\u00fclf\u00fcr k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erir. (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-9861(87)90447-4\">The intersubunit disulfide bridge of ricin is essential for cytotoxicity<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ricin_structure-901x1024.png\" alt=\"Risin proteini yap\u0131s\u0131. dimer\" class=\"wp-image-6901\" width=\"475\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ricin_structure-264x300.png 264w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ricin_structure-500x569.png 500w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ricin_structure-550x625.png 550w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ricin_structure-700x796.png 700w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ricin_structure-768x873.png 768w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ricin_structure-901x1024.png 901w, https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ricin_structure.png 919w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\" \/><figcaption>Risin Proteini Yap\u0131s\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Protein yap\u0131lar\u0131n kenetlenme modlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi almak ve protein-protein etkile\u015fimleri ile ilgli daha fazla bilgiye ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/?p=6937\">hGH, yani \u0130nsan B\u00fcy\u00fcme Hormonu Nedir?<\/a> adl\u0131 yaz\u0131y\u0131 okuyabilirsiniz. Peptit yap\u0131da olan insan b\u00fcy\u00fcme hormonun protein yap\u0131da olan insan <strong>b\u00fcy\u00fcme hormonu(hGH) resept\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong> ile etkile\u015fimi bu konuda a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. <strong>Bir adet insan b\u00fcy\u00fcme hormonu(hGH) molek\u00fcl\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 iki adet b\u00fcy\u00fcme hormonu resept\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong>n etkile\u015fim i\u00e7erisine girdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu da di\u011fer <strong>ligand-protein<\/strong> etkile\u015fimlerinden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Risin Proteini Biyosentez<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ricin, hint ya\u011f\u0131 bitki tohumlar\u0131n\u0131n endosperminde sentezlenir. Risin \u00f6nc\u00fc proteini uzunluk olarak 576 amino asit kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131ndan meydana gelmektedir ve bir sinyal peptidi (1-35. Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar), risin A amino asit zinciri (36-302 aras\u0131ndaki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar), bir birle\u015ftirici peptid (303-314 aras\u0131ndaki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar) ve risin B zinciri (315- 576 aras\u0131ndaki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar). N-terminal sinyal dizisi prepropolipeptidi endoplazmik retikuluma (ER) iletir ve ard\u0131ndan sinyal peptidi yar\u0131l\u0131r. ER&#8217;nin l\u00fcmeni i\u00e7inde propolipeptit glikosile edilir ve bir protein dis\u00fclf\u00fcr izomeraz, sisteinler 294 ve 318 aras\u0131ndaki <strong>dis\u00fclf\u00fcr ba\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fumunu katalize eder.<\/strong> Propolipeptit, Golgi ayg\u0131t\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca glikosile edilir ve protein depolama g\u00f6vdelerine ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Propolipeptid, tek bir dis\u00fclf\u00fcr ba\u011f\u0131yla kovalent olarak ba\u011flanan 267 kal\u0131nt\u0131 A zinciri ve 262 kal\u0131nt\u0131 B zincirinden olu\u015fan olgun risin proteini \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in bir endopeptidaz taraf\u0131ndan protein g\u00f6vdeleri i\u00e7inde b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fb100198\">Ricin: structure, synthesis, and mode of action<\/a> adl\u0131 makalede <strong>risin proteini<\/strong> i\u00e7in biyosentez mekanizmalar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yap\u0131 olarak risin proteini, abrin izotoksini olan <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jmbi.1995.0382\">abrin-a<\/a>&#8216;ya \u00e7ok benzer. Risinin kuaterner yap\u0131s\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k 60-65 kDa&#8217;l\u0131k glob\u00fcler, glikosile edilmi\u015f bir heterodimerdir. Ricin A zinciri ve risin B zinciri benzer molek\u00fcler a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klara sahiptir, s\u0131ras\u0131yla yakla\u015f\u0131k 32 kDa ve 34 kDa kadard\u0131r.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1997.tb125050.x\"> Ingestion of castor oil plant seeds<\/a> adl\u0131 yaz\u0131da yap\u0131 hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgiye eri\u015febilirsiniz. <strong>Bu yaz\u0131da ayr\u0131ca risin proteini elde edilen bitki olan hint ya\u011f\u0131 bitkisinin tohumlar\u0131n\u0131n yutan yeti\u015fkin bir birey ile ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 inceleme yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bitkiyi yutan ki\u015fi hayatta kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Risin ve Zehinlenme<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Risin proteini solundu\u011funda, enjekte edildi\u011finde veya yutuldu\u011funda \u00e7ok toksiktir. Toz g\u00f6ze temas ederse veya hasarl\u0131 cilt taraf\u0131ndan emilirse de toksik olabilir. Protein sentezini inhibe ederek toksin g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. <\/strong>H\u00fccrenin ribozomu (<strong>protein yapma mekanizmas\u0131<\/strong>) taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te haberci RNA&#8217;dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 mesajlara g\u00f6re h\u00fccrelerin \u00e7e\u015fitli amino asitleri proteinler halinde birle\u015ftirmesini engeller &#8211; yani, t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar i\u00e7in gerekli olan en temel h\u00fccre metabolizmas\u0131 seviyesi. h\u00fccreler ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ya\u015fam\u0131n kendisine. Risin diren\u00e7lidir, ancak peptidazlar taraf\u0131ndan sindirime kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011fildir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zehirlenme Semptomlar\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deri veya soluma maruziyeti meydana geldi\u011finde, risin alerji geli\u015fmesine neden olabilir. Bu, g\u00f6zlerin ve dudaklar\u0131n \u00f6demi ile kendini g\u00f6sterir; ast\u0131m, bron\u015fiyal tahri\u015f, kuru, bo\u011faz a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131k, cilt k\u0131zar\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (eritem), cilt kabarc\u0131klar\u0131 (vezikasyon), h\u0131r\u0131lt\u0131l\u0131 solunum, ka\u015f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 sulu g\u00f6zler, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcste s\u0131k\u0131\u015fma ve cilt tahri\u015fi belirtiler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Risin inhalasyonunun semptomlar\u0131, al\u0131m\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu semptomlardan farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Erken belirtiler aras\u0131nda \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck ve ate\u015f bulunur. <strong>Yutuldu\u011funda, risin patolojisi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, mukozal yaralanmalara neden olabilece\u011fi gastrointestinal sistem ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong> Uygun tedavi ile \u00e7o\u011fu hasta iyi bir iyile\u015fme sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Semptomlar protein \u00fcretememekten kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, maruziyet yoluna ve doza ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 saatlerden g\u00fcnlere kadar s\u00fcrebilir. Yutuldu\u011funda, gastrointestinal semptomlar alt\u0131 saat i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir; bu semptomlar her zaman ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Risine maruz kald\u0131ktan sonraki iki ila be\u015f g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde risinin merkezi sinir sistemi, adrenal bezler, b\u00f6brekler ve karaci\u011fer \u00fczerindeki etkileri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. <strong>Risin yutulmas\u0131<\/strong>, gastrointestinal sistemin mukozal zarlar\u0131nda a\u011fr\u0131, iltihaplanma ve kanamaya neden olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0130leri Semptomlar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gastrointestinal semptomlar <strong>\u015fiddetli bulant\u0131, kusma, ishal ve yutma g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne (disfaji)<\/strong> ile ilerler. Kanamaya, daha a\u00e7\u0131k olarak s\u00f6ylersek kanl\u0131 d\u0131\u015fk\u0131ya (melena) ve kan kusmas\u0131na (hematemez) neden olur. Gastrointestinal s\u0131v\u0131 kayb\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu <strong>d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kan hacmi <\/strong>(hipovolemi), <strong>pankreas, b\u00f6brek, karaci\u011fer ve GI yolunda organ yetmezli\u011fine yol a\u00e7abilir<\/strong> ve \u015foka do\u011fru ilerleyebilir. <strong>\u015eok ve organ yetmezli\u011fi, y\u00f6nelim bozuklu\u011fu, uyu\u015fukluk, halsizlik, uyu\u015fukluk, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 susama (polidipsi), d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck idrar \u00fcretimi (olig\u00fcri) ve kanl\u0131 idrar (hemat\u00fcri)<\/strong> ile kendini g\u00f6sterilir. Kaynak: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2009.08.004\">Ricin as a weapon of mass terror \u2014 Separating fact from fiction<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F096032718300200211\">Acute Voluntary Intoxication by Ricin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Risin Zehirlenmesinde Panzehir ve Tedavi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hen\u00fcz insanlar \u00fczerinde test edilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k ordusu taraf\u0131ndan bir panzehir geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. ABD ordusu taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen bir ba\u015fka panzehirin, risin ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f antikor a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin kan enjekte edilen laboratuar farelerinde g\u00fcvenli ve etkili oldu\u011fu g\u00f6sterildi ve baz\u0131 insan testleri yap\u0131ld\u0131. Zehirlenme i\u00e7in semptomatik ve destekleyici tedaviler mevcuttur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"video-shortcode\"><iframe title=\"Risin Proteini ve A Zincirinde \u0130nhibit\u00f6r Ligand\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ACJ6HI5RFw4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption>Risin Proteini ve A Zincirinde \u0130nhibit\u00f6r Ligand.<br>PDB: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/structure\/4Q2V\">4Q2V<\/a><br><strong>DOI:&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.2210\/pdb4Q2V\/pdb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.2210\/pdb4Q2V\/pdb<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mevcut tedaviler, zehrin etkilerini en aza indirmeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Olas\u0131 tedaviler aras\u0131nda intraven\u00f6z s\u0131v\u0131lar veya elektrolitler, yard\u0131ml\u0131 ventilasyon ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tansiyonu gidermek i\u00e7in ila\u00e7 verme yer al\u0131r. Risin  proteini yak\u0131n zamanda yutulmu\u015fsa, aktif k\u00f6m\u00fcr yenilerek veya mide lavaj\u0131 yap\u0131larak mide y\u0131kanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Risin proteini ile zehirlenme sonucunda hayatta kalanlar genellikle <strong>uzun vadeli organ hasar\u0131 geli\u015ftirir<\/strong>. Risin \u015fiddetli ishal ve kusmaya neden olur ve kurbanlar dola\u015f\u0131m \u015foku veya organ yetmezli\u011finden \u00f6lebilir; solunmas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl pulmoner \u00f6dem veya solunum yetmezli\u011fine neden olabilir. \u00d6l\u00fcm tipik olarak maruziyetten sonraki 3-5 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u015f\u0131lama, aktif olmayan bir protein zinciri A formunun enjekte edilmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.  Bu a\u015f\u0131lama, v\u00fccudun <strong>yabanc\u0131 proteine \u200b\u200bkar\u015f\u0131 antikor \u00fcretmesi nedeniyle birka\u00e7 ay boyunca etkilidir<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1978&#8217;de Bulgar s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 Vladimir Kostov, muhtemelen v\u00fccudunun antikor \u00fcretimi nedeniyle, Georgi Markov&#8217;a benzer bir risin sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtuldu. S\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131ndan risin-ba\u011fc\u0131kl\u0131 bir pelet \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, orijinal balmumu kaplamas\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n hala yap\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bulundu. Bu nedenle, pelletten sadece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck miktarlarda risin s\u0131zm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, bu da baz\u0131 semptomlara neden oldu, ancak v\u00fccudunun daha fazla zehirlenmeye kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k geli\u015ftirmesine izin verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hint Ya\u011f\u0131 Bitkisinden Risin Elde Etmek<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ricinus communis&#8217;in tohumlar\u0131 genellikle hint ya\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in ezilir. Risin ya\u011fda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmedi\u011finden, ekstrakte edilen hint ya\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok az bulunur.<\/strong> \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan ya\u011f, mevcut olabilecek herhangi bir risini denat\u00fcre etmek i\u00e7in 80 \u00b0 C&#8217;nin (176 \u00b0 F) \u00fczerine \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde &#8220;kek&#8221;, &#8220;ya\u011fl\u0131 kek&#8221; ve &#8220;pres keki&#8221; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan kalan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f <strong>ezilmi\u015f tohumlar %5&#8217;e kadar risin i\u00e7erebilir. <\/strong>Hindistan cevizi, yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bazen pamuk tohumlar\u0131ndan elde edilen ya\u011fl\u0131 kek, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r yemi ve \/ veya g\u00fcbre olarak kullan\u0131labilirken, hint \u00e7ekirdeklerinin toksik yap\u0131s\u0131nda, \u00f6nce otoklavlama ile denat\u00fcre edilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u00fcbre ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan <strong>Ricinus communis<\/strong> kekinin kazara yutulmas\u0131n\u0131n hayvanlarda \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl <strong>risin<\/strong> zehirlenmesinden sorumlu oldu\u011fu bildirilmi\u015ftir. Hint bitkisi tohumlar\u0131n\u0131n sindirilmesinden kaynaklanan \u00f6l\u00fcmler, k\u0131smen sindirilemeyen tohum k\u0131l\u0131flar\u0131 ve midede risinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n deaktive olmas\u0131 nedeniyle nadirdir. Sekiz adet kadar fasulyenin \u00f6z\u00fc bir yeti\u015fkin i\u00e7in tehlikeli kabul edilir. Rauber ve Heard, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki vaka raporlar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131ndan incelenmesinin, risin toksisitesine ili\u015fkin kamuoyu ve profesyonel alg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n &#8220;modern t\u0131bbi y\u00f6netimin yeteneklerini tam olarak yans\u0131tmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131&#8221; g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0130nsanlardaki akut zehirlenme olaylar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, keneotu \u00e7ekirdeklerinin oral yoldan yutulmas\u0131n\u0131n sonucudur<\/strong>. Fasulye <strong>iyice \u00e7i\u011fnenmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece <\/strong>Hint fasulyesinin yutulmas\u0131 nadiren \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl olur. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri&#8217;nde 37 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki bir kad\u0131n 30 fasulyeyi yedikten sonra hayatta kald\u0131. Kurbanlar <strong>genellikle bulant\u0131, ishal, h\u0131zl\u0131 kalp at\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tansiyon ve bir haftaya kadar devam eden n\u00f6betler <\/strong>g\u00f6sterirler. Tan\u0131y\u0131 do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in kan, plazma veya idrar<strong> risin proteini veya risin proteini konsantrasyonlar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir<\/strong>. Laboratuvar testleri genellikle immunoassay veya s\u0131v\u0131 kromatografi-<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/pr8003437\">k\u00fctle spektrometrisini<\/a> i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Risin Proteini \u0130la\u00e7 Olarak Kullan\u0131labilir Mi?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u015eu anda risine dayal\u0131 hi\u00e7bir onaylanm\u0131\u015f terap\u00f6tik madde bulunmamakla birlikte, t\u00fcm\u00f6rlerin tedavisinde hedeflenen h\u00fccreleri yok etmek i\u00e7in &#8220;sihirli bir mermi&#8221; olarak kullan\u0131lma potansiyeline sahiptir(<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165%2F00139709-200322010-00006\">kaynak i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z<\/a>). <strong>Risin bir protein oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, antikor taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nan kanserli h\u00fccreleri hedeflemek i\u00e7in bir monoklonal antikora ba\u011flanabilir<\/strong>. Risin ile ilgili en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorun, do\u011fal i\u00e7selle\u015ftirme dizilerinin protein boyunca da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu do\u011fal i\u00e7selle\u015ftirme dizilerinden herhangi biri bir terap\u00f6tik maddede mevcutsa, ila\u00e7 hedeflenmemi\u015f t\u00fcm\u00f6rs\u00fcz h\u00fccrelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hedeflenen kanserli h\u00fccreler taraf\u0131ndan i\u00e7selle\u015ftirilecek ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Risinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi, bu imm\u00fcnotoksinlerin risin bile\u015feninin yanl\u0131\u015f h\u00fccrelerin onu i\u00e7selle\u015ftirmesine neden olurken, hedeflenen h\u00fccreler taraf\u0131ndan i\u00e7selle\u015ftirildi\u011finde h\u00fccre \u00f6ld\u00fcrme aktivitesini korurken, olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeterince azaltabilir. Bununla birlikte, l\u00f6semi ve lenfoma i\u00e7in FDA onayl\u0131 bir tedavi olan denileukin diftitox&#8217;ta kullan\u0131lan difteri toksini gibi bakteriyel toksinlerin daha pratik oldu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Risin proteini i\u00e7in \u00fcmit verici bir yakla\u015f\u0131m, antijenleri h\u00fccrelere vermek i\u00e7in bir ara\u00e7 olarak toksik olmayan B alt birimini (bir lektin) kullanmak ve b\u00f6ylece bunlar\u0131n imm\u00fcnojenikli\u011fini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Bir adjuvan olarak risinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, mukozal a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in potansiyel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlara sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Risin Proteini ile \u0130lgili Baz\u0131 Olaylar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1978&#8217;de Bulgar muhalif Georgi Markov, bir Londra caddesinde, risin bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f minik bir peleti baca\u011f\u0131na ate\u015flemek i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gaz kullanarak gizlice vuran Bulgar gizli polisi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra bir hastanede \u00f6ld\u00fc ve v\u00fccudu, bir otopsi s\u0131ras\u0131nda peleti ke\u015ffeden \u0130ngiliz Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n \u00f6zel bir zehir \u015fubesine teslim edildi. Ba\u015f \u015f\u00fcpheliler Bulgar gizli polisiydi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Georgi Markov&#8217;\u0131n Risin \u0130le \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Georgi Markov birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Bulgaristan&#8217;dan ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan Bulgar kom\u00fcnist rejimini son derece ele\u015ftiren kitaplar yazd\u0131 ve radyo yay\u0131nlar\u0131 yapt\u0131. Ancak o d\u00f6nemde Bulgaristan&#8217;\u0131n peleti \u00fcretemeyece\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131yordu ve KGB&#8217;nin bunu sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na da inan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Y\u00fcksek mevkilerde iken  KGB&#8217;den ka\u00e7anlar Oleg Kalugin ve Oleg Gordievsky, KGB&#8217;nin kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulasa da, KGB herhangi bir m\u00fcdahaleyi reddetti. Daha \u00f6nce, Sovyet muhalifi Aleksandr Soljenitsyn de 1971&#8217;de KGB ajanlar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra risin benzeri semptomlardan muzdaripti (ancak hayatta kald\u0131). Georgi Markov&#8217;a yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131dan on g\u00fcn \u00f6nce bir ba\u015fka Bulgar s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 <strong>Vladimir Kostov<\/strong> da benzer bir sald\u0131r\u0131dan sa\u011f kurtuldu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kostov, pantolonunun kemerinin \u00fczerinde s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131n alt k\u0131sm\u0131nda bir ac\u0131 hissetti\u011finde, Paris metrosunun y\u00fcr\u00fcyen merdiveni \u00fczerinde duruyordu. Ate\u015fi y\u00fckseldi, ancak iyile\u015fti. <strong>Markov<\/strong>&#8216;un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, Kostov&#8217;un s\u0131rt\u0131ndaki yara incelendi ve <strong>Markov&#8217;a kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lana benzer risinle ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f bir pelet \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/strong> Birka\u00e7 ter\u00f6rist ve ter\u00f6rist grup risin ile deneyler yapt\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok zehir olay\u0131n\u0131n ABD&#8217;li politikac\u0131lara postalanmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Di\u011fer Olaylar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d6rne\u011fin, 29 May\u0131s 2013&#8217;te New York Belediye Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Michael Bloomberg&#8217;e g\u00f6nderilen iki isimsiz mektup, bunun izlerini i\u00e7eriyordu. Bir di\u011feri ise Washington, D.C.&#8217;deki Yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 Silahlara Kar\u015f\u0131 Belediye Ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 ofislerine g\u00f6nderildi. Risin i\u00e7eren bir mektubun ayn\u0131 zamanda Amerikan Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Barack Obama&#8217;ya da g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi iddia edildi. Bir aktris, Shannon Richardson, daha sonra o Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda su\u00e7unu kabul etti\u011fi su\u00e7la itham edildi. 16 Temmuz 2014&#8217;te Richardson 18 y\u0131l hapis ve 367.000 $ tutar\u0131nda iade cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. 2 Ekim 2018&#8217;de, risin i\u00e7erdi\u011finden \u015f\u00fcphelenilen iki mektup Pentagon&#8217;a g\u00f6nderildi; biri Savunma Bakan\u0131 James Mattis&#8217;e, di\u011feri Deniz Operasyonlar\u0131 \u015eefi Amiral John Richardson&#8217;a g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">23 Temmuz 2019&#8217;da Kaliforniya&#8217;daki Pelican Bay Eyalet Hapishanesinde \u015f\u00fcpheli bir madde i\u00e7erdi\u011fi iddia edilen bir mektup al\u0131nd\u0131. Yetkililer daha sonra <strong>risin <\/strong>i\u00e7erdi\u011fini do\u011frulad\u0131lar; hi\u00e7bir zararl\u0131 maruziyet tespit edilmedi. 2020&#8217;de \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti&#8217;ndeki baz\u0131 medya organlar\u0131 (istihbarat bilgilerine dayanarak) Rus diplomatik pasaportu ve risini ta\u015f\u0131yan bir ki\u015finin Prag&#8217;a \u00fc\u00e7 politikac\u0131ya suikast d\u00fczenlemek amac\u0131yla geldi\u011fini bildirdi, ancak Rusya Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Vladimir Putin bunu yalanlad\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu konu ile ilgili olarak hedefler \u015funlar olmal\u0131yd\u0131: \u0130lk olarak, Prag&#8217;\u0131n Rus b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011finin bulundu\u011fu &#8220;Pod Ka\u0161tany&#8221; meydan\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 Boris Nemtsov Meydan\u0131&#8217;na de\u011fi\u015ftiren <strong>Prag belediye ba\u015fkan\u0131 <\/strong>Zden\u011bk H\u0159ib (\u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti&#8217;nin ba\u015fkenti), muhalif bir politikac\u0131 2015&#8217;te Kremlin&#8217;de suikast d\u00fczenledi. \u0130kincisi, tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 heykelin Sovyet d\u00f6nemi Mare\u015fal Konev&#8217;e kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015fan Prag 6 belediye ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve di\u011fer siyasi ki\u015filerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kimyasal Silah Olarak Risin Proteini ve Adli Kimya<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Risin gibi protein toksinlerini tespit etmeye y\u00f6nelik bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6ntem, genellikle triptik peptitler olmak \u00fczere toksin peptitlerini tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in hedefli <strong>s\u0131v\u0131 kromatografisi-tandem k\u00fctle spektrometrisi (LC-MS \/ MS)<\/strong> kullan\u0131r. Hedeflenmemi\u015f y\u00f6ntemlerin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 da rapor edilmi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte, peptit ve protein tan\u0131mlama i\u00e7in veri taban\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere hedeflenmemi\u015f proteomik y\u00f6ntemlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131, adli t\u0131p uygulamalar\u0131nda daha az yayg\u0131nd\u0131r ve adli t\u0131p uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na a\u015fina olmayabilir. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00377\">Burada<\/a>, triptik <strong>risin<\/strong> peptidlerinin spektral kitapl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in bir y\u00f6ntem \u00f6neriyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Risin, <strong>3\u20135 \u03bcg \/ kg farelerde LD50<\/strong>(deneyde kullan\u0131lan canl\u0131lar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 birim zamanda \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in gerekli ve yeterli olan doz) ile solundu\u011funda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. H\u00fccre y\u00fczey membranlar\u0131na ba\u011flan\u0131r ve bir kez i\u00e7selle\u015ftirildi\u011finde, <strong>ribozomal RNA \u00fczerindeki belirli bir b\u00f6lgeyi temizleyerek ribozomlar\u0131 h\u0131zla inaktive eder<\/strong>. Protein, 28S ribozomal RNA&#8217;y\u0131 (rRNA) inaktive eden A zinciri ve h\u00fccresel al\u0131mda rol oynayan B zinciri olmak \u00fczere iki zincirden olu\u015fan bir heterodimerdir. <strong>Risin<\/strong> solunduktan, yutulduktan veya enjekte edildikten sonra, v\u00fccuttaki <strong>ribozomlar art\u0131k protein \u00fcretmeye devam edemez<\/strong> ve h\u00fccre \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7ar. Hen\u00fcz bir panzehir geli\u015ftirilmedi. Risini tespit etme y\u00f6ntemlerine bu nedenle, potansiyel <strong>biyoter\u00f6rizm <\/strong>ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli durumlarda ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adli kimyan\u0131n t\u00fcm alanlar\u0131ndaki bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6ntem, kimyasal bile\u015fikleri tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in bilinen standartlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaya dayan\u0131r. Geleneksel proteomik veri taban\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, peptitleri g\u00fcvenle tan\u0131mlayabilmekle birlikte, bunu do\u011frudan yapmaz. Bilinmeyen bir numuneden al\u0131nan spektrumlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn, bilinen bir referans numuneden do\u011frudan spektrumlara kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00377\"> risine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir spektral kitapl\u0131k olu\u015fturuldu<\/a><\/strong> ve adli a\u00e7\u0131dan ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i numunelerde <strong>risin peptitlerini<\/strong> belirlemede faydas\u0131 g\u00f6sterildi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>R\u0130sin, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fumuzun Breaking Bad ile tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131, protein yap\u0131da olan son  [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6901,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"single-hero-cover.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[122],"tags":[110,164,161,165,160,168,163,162,167],"class_list":["post-6899","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-molekul","tag-biyokimya","tag-kimya","tag-protein","tag-ribozom","tag-risin","tag-risin-proteini","tag-toksik","tag-zehir","tag-zehirlenme-belirtileri"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6899","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6899"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6899\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7977,"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6899\/revisions\/7977"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6901"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6899"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6899"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ortaakarsu.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6899"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}